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Native American tribes in Virginia
Native American tribes in Virginia are the indigenous tribes from what is now the Commonwealth of Virginia.
All of the Commonwealth of Virginia used to be Virginia Indian territory, an area estimated to have been occupied by indigenous peoples for more than 12,000 years.〔 Their population has been estimated to have been about 50,000 at the time of European colonization. The various peoples belonged to three major language families: roughly, Algonquian along the coast, Iroquoian in the southern Tidewater region, and Siouan above the fall line. About 30 Algonquian tribes were allied in the powerful Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom, estimated to include 15,000 people at the time of English colonization.
As of 2014, the Commonwealth of Virginia recognizes eleven tribes, who together have more than 5,000 enrolled members. Collectively, they own fewer than of land. Only two of the tribes, the Pamunkey and Mattaponi, retain reservation lands assigned by colonial treaties with the English colonists made in the 17th century. The state established an official recognition process by legislation.
Federal legislation is being considered that would provide recognition to six of Virginia's non-reservation tribes. Hearings established that they would meet the federal criteria for continuity and retention of identity as tribes, but they have been disadvantaged by lacking reservations and by state governmental actions that altered records of Indian identification. Some records were destroyed during the American Civil War and earlier conflicts. More recently, in the early decades of the 20th century, state officials changed vital records of birth and marriage while implementing the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 and caused Indian individuals and families to lose documentation of their ethnic identities. Only the Pamunkey are recognized by the federal government.
== History ==
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